On September 28, 2024, we celebrated the 18th annual World Rabies Day. Rabies, a deadly virus that gave us the likes of Cujo, may have helped in the development of the vampire legend1, and until recently (and generally) still is universally fatal without timely intervention, is the quintessential zoonotic disease, a true One Health issue. Though some mammals are more susceptible than others and more likely to be exposed, it infects land and marine mammals alike.
A recent outbreak in seals located in Cape Town, South Africa, shows how far-reaching the disease can be.2 Understanding how disease transmission occurs, how signs manifest and ensuring you keep it on your differential list in the face of neurological and behavioral changes can help protect you, your staff, and your clients and preserve the human-animal bond.
Examining rabies within the One Health framework
The Cape Town rabies outbreak in Arctocephalus pusillus (seals) shows the need for cooperation among various professionals. It exemplifies a One Health approach from scientists and researchers attempting to determine the means of transmission to veterinarians and wildlife professionals to aid in the management and prevention of disease, provide humane euthanasia and necessary care, and ensure the safety of those around them.
Finally, human health plays a role in those exposed to or harmed by possibly infected animals. Education is paramount for veterinarians and lay individuals alike. Currently, viral sequencing is ongoing and may help to shed light on the possible source of infection.
Understanding rabies
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Rabies Surveillance System, which tracks human and animal rabies in the U.S., less than 10 humans die from rabies annually, thanks in great part to the successful canine rabies vaccination program in this country and the eradication of domestic rabies in dogs. However, wildlife rabies still poses a risk, with only 25 percent of the U.S. unlikely to be exposed. Fox, skunks, raccoons, and bats remain a threat, though the variant prevalence varies throughout the country.3
